Effects Of Maltreatment On Children And Children - 2057 Words

Every year, within Australia, the number of children who are removed from the care of their parents and placed into government regulated care continues to grow significantly. For these children, maltreatment (or the risk of maltreatment), in the form of abuse or neglect within the family home result in the need for them to be relocated to alternative care arrangements, more commonly referred to as out-of-home care (OOHC). The research which investigates the effects of maltreatment on children, conclusively shows that experiencing trauma and/or neglect during childhood can result in considerable physiological and psychological effects on development across multiple key domains, such as cognitive, social-emotional, academic, and language†¦show more content†¦However, there appears to be a lack of evidentiary information regarding the number of children in OOHC that have been referred and/or accessed speech pathology services to date. Given the lack of information regarding speech pathology referral and access rates for children in OOHC, it is important to gain a better understanding of the level of speech pathology interaction with this population by identify those barriers and/or facilitators which may be hindering or helping speech pathology access for OOHC children. In this regard, the Case Managers and Case Workers assigned with provision of care and services for children in OOHC are considered to be important stakeholders who are well placed within the OOHC system to provide a key perspective of the barriers and facilitators which commonly feature in speech pathology interactions with children in OOHC. When considering what elements may be classified as facilitators and barriers, the World Health Organization’s International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health Children Youth Version (ICF-CY) (World Health Organization, 2007), provides the following definition: The environmental factors that make up the physical, social and attitudinal environment in which people live and conduct their lives. These factors are external to individuals and can have a positive or negative influence on the

Ingroups, Outgroups, and Their Affects on Behaviors

Ingroups, Outgroups, and Their Affect on Behaviors We as humans tend to relate to those that are similar to us, and tend to alienate those that we deem as different than us. Whether it is by race, gender, culture, or religion, it is something that is almost always present in human interactions, and often times can be completely subconscious. In our textbook Interpersonal Communication by Kory Floyd, an ingroup is defined as â€Å"A group of people with whom one identifies.† An outgroup is conversely defined as â€Å"A group of people whom one does not identify.† Henri Tajfel first coined this terminology while he was working to devise his social identity theory. These ideas of classifying people into ingroups and outgroups can lead to many†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"In matches between the two groups of football teams, the teams from the same state as the umpires received more favorable decisions than the other teams did by a margin of 11% for the 171 games studied.† In situations where the umpires had to allocate rewards to members of a group they identified with competing against a group they did not identify with they clearly favored their ingroup. This study helped proved the theory that intergroup competition is a prevalent reason why ingroup favoritism is often exhibited in society. This idea is completely embedded into the entire sporting culture of our society today. We group ourselves together with the â€Å"home team† or the ingroup. We prefer for that group, as well as ourselves by association, to be successful. The second explanation that is usually offered is the idea that people will have a better opinion of people in their ingroup in order to boost their own self-esteem by association. Robert Cialdini conducted a very interesting study on a concept called Basking in Reflected Glory (BIRG) at several different universities. In order to study how self-esteem was a determinant of ingroup bias, Cialdini and his team researched the behavior of students after victori es and losses of the school’s football teams. Their results â€Å"Demonstrated the BIRG phenomenon by showing a greater tendency for university students to wearShow MoreRelatedPrejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination Essay1414 Words   |  6 Pagesdiscrimination in the context of social psychology; what the consequences of stereotyping and discrimination are; and strategies to improve attitudes, judgments, and behaviors. Social psychologists recognize prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination â€Å"by focusing on whether they involve feelings (affect), cognition, or behaviors.† (Feenstra, 6.1 Prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination, para 1). Prejudice is a negative belief or feeling (attitude) about a particular group of individualsRead MoreHow Does The Group Identity Affect The Participant s Social Preferences? Essay936 Words   |  4 PagesResearch Question: How does the group identity affect the participant’s social preferences? Contributions: Social identity theory was developed by Tajfel and Turner (1979) to understand the psychological basis for intergroup discrimination. After that, many studies such as Tajfel and Turner (1986), Deaux (1996), Shih (1999), Hogg (2003), Benjamin et al. (2006) etc. done in the social identity area. This study has two innovations in comparison to social psychology experiments. First, it uses a muchRead MoreCulture Is Defined By Merriam Webster894 Words   |  4 Pagescultures are constantly changing over time because the groups of people will change behaviors and characteristic features depending on how the world around them is changing. For example, with the emergence of technology and globalization, we have many new intersecting cultures present within the most individual cultures, which can create privilege or oppression for that culture based on the in/out group hierarchical behavior that has been explored through analyzing my previous encounters within a tripleRead Mor eNotes On Social Identity Theory1191 Words   |  5 PagesBIRG: Social Identity Theory SIT (Tajfel et al., 1971; Tajfel Turner, 1979) has been explained briefly in the Introduction, which provided an overview on the nature of its construction (Galang et al., 2015) and its implications on ingroup inclusion, intergroup behavior, and self-esteem (Brewer Yuki, 2007). This theory is further discussed here, particularly its conception of group identification and esteem, to give context to BIRG and the framework of analysis that will be used to analyze the phenomenonRead MoreStereotyping: The Nature of Prejudice1539 Words   |  7 Pagesassociates of those organizations. Prejudice includes attitudes. Discrimination is bad attitude toward people or organizations established on assumptions and feelings towards those organizations. An organization you are joined with is considered your ingroup. â€Å"Ingroups might include gender, race, or city or state of residence, as well as groups you might intentionally join, like Kiwanis or a bowling league. A group you are not a part of is called your out group† (Feenstra, 2011, p.6.1). An assortment of determinantsRead MoreSocial Psychology And Social Justice1322 Words   |  6 Pagessocial behavior. Such differences are intriguing and noticeable especially when it comes to comparison between East and West, or collective and individualistic cultures. In collective cultures, people tend to concern about perception of other people in the ingroup. Relations with significant others reflect in self-identity. In other words, self-concept of people in collective cultures is interdependent. On the other hand, in individualistic cultures, how people perceive themselves affects self-conceptRead MoreThe Theory Of Interethnic Communication1056 Words   |  5 Pagesperception can influence the interactant’s behaviors and styles of communication. Kim’s Contextual Theory of Interethnic Communication depicts the many layers and facets that attribute to the communication between two people belonging to different identities or groups. While there are four layers to Kim’s theory, this paper will focus on the behavioral aspect. Kim’s theory will be analyzed and explained through the lens of associative and dissociative behaviors. Kim’s Contextual Theory of InterethnicRead MoreDesegregation in the School System1300 Words   |  5 Pagesbehavioral preferences for higher status groups. Using the Implicit Association test, they asked members of Stanford University (high status) and San Jose University (low status) to complete three IAT sessions. In requiring them to classify ingroup or outgroup related words with words that were positive or negative, the study found that not only did students of both groups have a higher tendency toward Stanford-favoring conditions than not, but Stanford students were more likely to have implicit associationsRead MoreSpss Case Study818 Words   |  4 Pageswere paired with a positive or negative judgement will reveal that it is a statistically significant predictor of reaction time. This indicates that participants were faster to respond when their ingroup was associated with a positive trait. Participants will display longer response time for when the outgroup is associ ated with a negative trait. One-sample t-test will reveal that there is no significant difference in the results in terms of the participant gender. Two-way ANOVA for the interaction betweenRead MoreIndividualism vs Collectivism1762 Words   |  8 Pagesthe group. Ties between individuals are loose. People look after themselves and their immediate families. In a collectivist culture, the interest of the group prevails over the interest of the individual. People are integrated into strong, cohesive ingroups that continue throughout a lifetime to protect in exchange for unquestioning loyalty (Hofstede, 1997). One difference is reflected in who is taken into account when you set goals. In individualist cultures, goals are set with minimal consideration

Effectiveness And Tactics Of The Two Indian Nationalist Movements

Question: Discuss about the Effectiveness And Tactics Of The Two Indian Nationalist Movements. Answer: Introduction: The essay aims at providing a perspective from an instance in history when a wave of Indian National Corporation challenged the British Rule in India. There was the Indian National Congress under the leader of Mohandas K. Gandhi and an alternative nationalist movement under Subhas Chandra Boses leadership who raised voices against the British rule. Mohandas K. Gandhi represented an Indian activist who employed the policy of non-violent measures against the British rule and helped India in attaining independence[1]. On the other hand, Subhas Chandra Bose represented an Indian nationalist who had defiant patriotism that made him a hero[2]. However, his attempts of getting rid of the British rule through Imperial Japan and Nazi Germany resulted in troubled legacy. The essay tries to provide an insight into these movements through comparison and contrast of the effectiveness and tactics of the two Indian nationalist movements. Comparison of the Tactics and Effectiveness of Two Indian Nationalist Movements The demand for political independence was consistent for Subhas Chandra Bose, as he wanted complete separation from British rule. Thus, in India he pushed the congress in launching mass movements that demanded total independence while outside India he inspired the Indian National Army for liberation of India through the war. Subhas Chandra Bose wanted free India as an industrialized and modern nation focused on the advances of livelihood, science and education of the masses[3]. He was explicit about the seeking the political emancipation through an effective manner that either involved an armed conflict or a complete war. On the other, Mahatma Gandhi is identified with Spiritual Swaraj that cured the Indian civilization from the evils such as lawyers, mill made cloth, doctors, railways, heavy machineries, contraceptives and medicines[4]. Mohandas K. Gandhi demanded the dominion status along with a membership in British Commonwealth without extracting the verbalization of the Spiritua l Swaraj. In the year, 1942, his expectation about the British losing the Second World War made him seek complete withdrawal from the British Rule. In 1942, he also initiated the Quit India movement that also demanded the Dominion status mostly centered on the specific grievances, social agenda, financial reforms and the caliphate of the territorial Muslims. However, the choices of Mohandas K. Gandhi and Subhas Chandra Bose had variation in the context of capitalism and communism. They both were socialist and disassociated them from communism. During, 1942, Mohandas K. Gandhi condoned violence although initially he did not opt for it[5]. However, the conflict between Gandhi and Bose was focused more on the personal control on the Indian dissent and business and the British interest that had a conflict with the agenda implemented by Bose. However, a comparison and contrast is drawn between them based on the following perspectives. Complete Independence versus Spiritual Swaraj Subhas Chandra Bose wanted total disconnection from British Empire while Mohandas K. Gandhi fluctuated between Spiritual Swaraj, complete severance and the dominion status. Bose however, believed in an unrelenting, uncompromising and militant struggle against the colonialism of British as opposed to the deals, compromises and entreaties championed by the British government[6]. Bose however believed that Freedom is never given but it is something to achieve whereas Gandhi believed in seeking Swaraj by expressing his loyalty towards the empire. Moreover, Bose was a leftist by heart while Gandhi was a rightist. Support of Modernism Gandhi and Bose stated a vision that substantially differed in context of the desired Indian evolution and the politics. Mohandas K. Gandhi, however believed in advocating a vision that comprised of the spinning khadi clothes and led to the endurance of self sufficiency at the village level[7]. On the other hand, Bose had a vision that was futuristic and depended more on industrialization of a larger scale and a politics without religiosity and irrationality. Bose said that for those who believed in supernaturalism and mysticism it is the sane rationalism and modernization in the material aspect that leads to the political salvation[8]. Gandhi in his letter addressed to Henry Polak mentioned that increasing the material comforts does not help in enhancing moral growth. He also referred to the medical science as the essence of the black magic while the hospitals represented the instruments for the devil. He also mentioned that the salvation of India lies in unlearning the aspects the country has learnt in the period of the past fifty years. In his letter, he also mentioned the countrys repulsion towards the machine made clothes. Until the time, Mohandas K. Gandhi although realized that sacrificing the clothes made by the machine or the courts will not be tool for liberating the country but it can act as a fundamental aspect for eschewing the evil that existed in the society. Thus, for Gandhi primarily the spinning that served as centerpiece for the political program undertaken by him. Undertaking Industrialization Mohandas K. Gandhi believed in attaining Gram Swaraj that ensured self-sufficiency at the village level. Under him, spinning gained popularity by being a part of the Gram Swaraj but also the political program[9]. Gandhi developed a dislike for machinery and thereby industrialization. While Bose believed that for solving economic problem, it is not enough to have agricultural improvement. However, existence of industrial development ownership and state control would be crucial. He also mentioned that a newer industrial system in replacement of old that is under a state of collapse due to alien rule and mass production. He also put forward that the planning commission should carefully decide as well as consider the home industries that needed revival in spite of the competition amongst the modern factories and the sphere in which large scale production could be encouraged. Research and Education The normal meaning of education represents knowledge of the letters. For Mohandas K. Gandhi, primary education meant teaching the boys with writing, reading and arithmetic. According, to Gandhi, a peasant knows to earn his bread honestly and possesses the basic worldly knowledge. He knows how to behave with his parents, children, wife and fellow villagers and understands the mortality rules. However, such a man does not know how to write his name. Hence, Gandhi suggested providing basic level education to the people. On the other hand, Bose believed in tackling the problem of technical research and technical education[10]. He was the President of Congress who presided over third general meeting. Indian Science News Association also invited him where he articulated the views on the scientific and technical research and education in presence of the renowned scientist Professor Meghnad Saha. He added that, as far as the technical education goes in the context of the Japanese students, I ndian student should also have the scope of going abroad for the purpose of training as per a definite and clear plans that would help them in straight away building newer industries as soon as they return. Conclusion: To conclude, it can be said that the Indian independence movement has been part of complex array related to the developments that ensure the departure of the British rule. There were certain geopolitical factors brought in by Subhas Chandra Bose that helped in weakening the position of Britain after a battle with the Japan and Germany and led to the ultimate end of the imperial rule. However, Gandhis social movement will also have profound impact in shaping the history of India. The Second World War helped in hastening the suspension of British Empire but it was neither the Axis power nor the Allies, India got liberation in its own terms. Gandhi put forward a model that represented an ecosystem with complex social movement while Bose believed in complete independence from British Rule. References: Allen, Douglas. "A Phenomenological Approach to Spirituality and its Relation to Nonkilling and Nonviolence."Spiritual Traditions(2015): 55. Bose, Neilesh.Recasting the region: Language, culture, and Islam in colonial Bengal. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014. Chandra, Bipan, Mridula Mukherjee, Aditya Mukherjee, K. N. Panikkar, and Sucheta Mahajan.India's struggle for independence. Penguin UK, 2016. Devika, V. R., and Gideon Arulmani. "Mahatma Gandhis Ideas for Work, Career, and Life." InHandbook of Career Development, pp. 105-117. Springer, New York, NY, 2014. Pelinka, Anton.Democracy Indian style: Subhas Chandra Bose and the creation of India's political culture. Routledge, 2017. Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli, ed.Mahatma Gandhi. Jaico Publishing House, 2015. Sabastian, Luna. "Spaces on the temporal move: Weimar Geopolitik and the vision of an Indian science of the state, 19241945."Global Intellectual History(2018): 1-23. Sharma, Brij Kishore.Introduction to the Constitution of India. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd., 2015. Singh, Khushboo, Punita Raj Laxmi, and Shakti Singh. "Reviving Khadi: From Freedom Fabric to Fashion Fabric."Man-Made Textiles in India42, no. 11 (2014). Zachariah, Benjamin. "Indian Political Activities in Germany, 19141945."Transcultural Encounters between Germany and India: Kindred Spirits in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries(2014): 141-54.

Marketing Project Essay free essay sample

Question 1: Define marketing and outline the steps in the marketing process. Answer: Though most people are wholly aware of the concept of marketing and have experienced the glamour and whiz that marketers create, few possess the knowledge of the definition of marketing in orthodox terms. According to most marketing gurus, marketing is a set of activities designed to coordinate and promote a product or service through brand image and perception (Marketing power, 2009).Building a perception and value about a certain product through marketing techniques such as segmentation, positioning and using creativity are the characteristics of marketing. Marketing is not a single activity and is perhaps one of the most important ones of an organization relying on consumer goods for its profits. For example, the marketing activities of Pepsi have a greater budget than the production budget; these statistics are not only amazing but they give the average man an idea of how important marketing is, as an activity to firms selling consumer goods. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Project Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The process of marketing is a set of steps defined linearly however is followed in a fashion best described as inter-linked. Each activity fuels the outcomes of the previous activity and thus one may move back and forth the ladder in order to reach a favorable goal. The marketing process is categorized as:1. Understanding the mission/vision of the organization Being the driving force of the company, the long-term mission of the company also is the guide that maneuvers the marketing objectives and policies that marketers have to adhere to in their research. There are several instances of the2. Evaluate the strengths of the organization through a marketing/internal audit. Strengths and weaknesses should be identified through audit to be aware of competitors’ possible actions against one. Anticipating their moves based on company knowledge and market research is an important tactic that enables company’s to build and modify their own marketing structure. Sometimes companies have been successful not because they had exceptional marketing programs, but because they were able to come up with revolutionary services based on the evaluation of their competitors.3. Know your customerThe customer is the main entity without which the purpose of production, marketing and all other activities is lost. Thus, marketers need to know their customers in depth – their demographics, psychic and patterns in their purchasing habits. 4. Develop a set of marketing goals and objectivesEvery marketing program is made to achieve certain things – these are the goals and objectives. These should be defined beforehand with great care so that the purpose of the marketing program can be justified.5. Design affordable and mass appeal promotion strategiesCosts incurred in marketing campaigns can be huge and thus should be scrutinized. Marketing campaigns have to be as low in costs as possible and yet should focus on a large segment of the target market following the different forms of marketing – print, television, radio and other forms of marketing including web marketing depending on the product or service (Buerstatte, 2004).6. Develop a marketing planA marketing plan is a comprehensive program with detailed listings of the marketing approach, mission, goals and objectives as well as the instruments that will be used for the marketing of products. The concept of the marketing plan is also documented in this deliverable.7. Performance EvaluationEvaluation step-by-step of the progress of the activities and processes in the marketing stages is necessary. This identifies whether the marketing phases are integrated with each Question 2: Describe the elements of a customer driven marketing strategy and mix and the forces that influence it. Answer: Customer is the king, is a well-known saying both amongst marketers and nonmarketers. People understand the importance of the customer in the marketing cycle. Thus marketing strategies and campaigns should be focused and directed towards the consumers (Donaldson, 2008).The mix for a customer oriented marketing strategy constitutes of a proper segmentation concept, product positioning, appropriate target marketing and product differentiation. Though these are itself broad concepts, the focus is to identify the consumer profile, dissect it into various components and use it to base the positioning, differentiation and target market strategies.For example, Mountain Dew targets youngsters and people willing to go wild and have an overdose of crazy fun. Understanding this as the general profile of its consumer, its advertisements are all framed on this theme where people are shown performing crazy stunts. The product has been differentiated on the basis of the consumer market, its target market is a narrower bunch of â€Å"very silly† people and its advertisements are geared towards a particular segment of the consumer population.Consid ering the above facts, it becomes important to understand the factors that affect a consumer marketing strategy. Since consumers have varying tastes in terms of the dispersion with respect to age, income and other demographical factors, it is necessary for marketers to use their â€Å"sixth sense† in developing consumer oriented strategies if they want personal and organizational success (Donaldson, 2008).A customer driven marketing strategy should be influenced by the following factors:Fashion: What was once hot is today the most outdated and laughed upon outfit. Such is the pattern of fashion and changing preferences among the consumer market. Nothing stays forever and marketers understand this better than anyone else. Constant innovation and market research is necessary to make changes to successful consumer oriented marketing concepts in order for them to retain their wins.Demographics: Without information about demographics, marketers would be similar to persons finding needles in a pile of hay. It would be a very impossible task to find the right customer and all marketing budgets would go astray. Thus using published national reports and self research organizations find out about the demographical nature of the market and bring out their products accompanied by appropriate marketing strategies (Etzel, Walker Stanton, 2000).Psychology and Buying Behavior: A youngster buying a razor is very much different from a middle aged man buying the same. Marketers assume that the youngster is in the process of evaluating razors and thus would pay more to attract him than attract a middle aged man. This is because middle aged people roughly follow a systematic and constant buying pattern while youngsters tend to go out of the way more than once in a while to give a new product a try or two to satisfy their curiosities. Question 3: Describe the environmental forces that affect the company’s ability to service its customers. Answer. Apart from the internal micro environmental factors that cause failure, there are six major macro environmental factors that can cause problems for organizations in serving their customers fully. The internal environment of an organization is affected by suppliers, marketing intermediaries and creative solutions providers (the ad designers) (Czerwonka, 2008). When we discuss the ability of a firm to meet its customers’ requirements and demands, we have to understand the concept of quality as well. Quality is defined as the extent to which user requirements match the designed product. This is however a very vague definition which cannot be taken into full confidence in a consumer market scenario. For example, a tyre may be built to the consumers’ requirements and yet it may not be durable enough to â€Å"satisfy† the customers’ needs (Donaldson, 2008).When discussing the six major micro environmental forces that hamper organizations from reaching out to their customers fully, it should be remembered that it is the quality of service that is generally affected in most cases. Quantity is generally affected only when a demand exists in surplus for a c ertain product or service for various reasons. The six factors are as follows: Social Cultural Demographic Economic Political Natural Technological (Etzel, Walker Stanton, 2000) Socio and cultural factors are understandably a factor that inhibits firms in matching the expectations of their customers. The Coca Cola advertisement failure in the Gulf where the advertiser failed to recognize the linguistic difference in between English and Arabic (Arabic is read from right to left) was a great learning lesson for marketers.Demographical changes as a result of globalization and rapid growth rates have led to newer segments in the market who have customized needs. For example, the tele-worker was not heard of 20 years ago. And today, tele-working is amongst the fastest growing professions across the globe – this has created a demand-supply gap which firms have yet to meet by offering customized products. Thus marketing departments have to understand the changing demographics and then accordingly plan for newer innovations, products and services.Financial situations have always been core limiting factors. Right from the problems of funding to liquidity and credit issues, firms are faced with expansion and payback dilemmas if the environment is very unstable and economically not viable. Examples include shaky economic conditions in Kenya and Philippines leading to several companies maintaining their status quo and not going for innovative ideas so as to conserve their profits.Political instability and turmoil are national level circumstances which can only be avoided once they occur. Predictions in this regard are hardly accurate and something to be depended upon given the pace at which situations submerge. However, political forces result in the greatest deterioration of inventories and lost sales for firms (Czerwonka, 2008).Some of the inherent values of a culture with respect to the region, geography, tradition or music cannot be eliminated. For example, the town where Elvis Presley was born may not like to have a CD shop where Elvis’ songs are not available. The failure to realize such natural elements of a culture or sub-culture are failures on part of the marketers, who are entrusted with the responsibilities of screening out their target markets efficiently. It is therefore imperative to procure the smallest of information regarding natural elements that exist and position products and services in an accordingly appropriate manner.Customer demands are the main fulfillment necessity of the producers and the firm tries its best to achieve the target to get away all the technological factors of the product and meet consumer demands. These are the major reasons why growing firms are unable to reach out to their customers on time and in the desired quantities. Machinery and automation are the main reasons why companies have been able to progress over years and yet still are striving hard to achieve. Question 4: Outline the steps in the marketing research process. Answer: The activities which are linked and their process is aimed as extracting the information the general population keeps about the product or on a specific segment of the consumers said to be marketing research. Marketing research is not specific to new product launches only. In fact, marketing research can be applied and is used in a variety of situations including: launching a new variant of an existing product, trying to identify a product non-existent in the market and launching a new product (Donaldson, 2008). Even apart from the other factors, marketers use marketing research to gain knowledge about their consumer’s tastes and changing habits to effect changes into their existing products in order to stay one step ahead of competition. The stages in the marketing research process are as follows: 1. Identification of the research problem The basic problem, which is occurring, should be actually identified. Poor marketers fail to realize the difference and end up in identifying the symptom as the research problem. Thus all their research is continued on the symptoms and the actual reason is ignored. For example, PG may face a decline in the sales of pampers and may want to know the reason behind it. The research problem should be identified and the factors which are the reasons for the decline of the sales should be identified. Similarly, the research carried out should focus on the root problems and the root problems are tried to be virtually eliminated. 2. Developing the approach for the marketing research This is the step taken in the need of the formation of an approach of studding. These are made keeping into view the mission and existing policies of the company. Many companies have a pre- defined marketing research approach t that involve many practices with a deemed nature and consider them to be the best and not to revolve their policies. 3. Developing the plan for the marketing research After sorting the research problem and the approach have been planned, the next step is to draft a comprehensive research plan and outlining the instruments used in the research along with the details for the target market, the sampling considerations, assumptions and the other factors which play an important role in shaping the results of the research. 4. Field Data gathering Using the research plan and the research instruments, the data is then captured from the targeted area of the consumption of the product therefore; honesty, accuracy and politeness with an expectation of a high no-response rate are the demands of this job which should be administered to loyal and honest professionals. 5. Data Filtering, Statistical Analysis The data collected will not be entirely free from errors, biases and extreme answers. The data will have to be filtered out and then be used for screening and statistical analysis purposes. Software’s such as SPSS will help in analyzing quantitative data but qualitative shall depend upon organizational measures (Etzel, Walker, Walker Stanton, 2000). 6. Reporting and Conclusions After the analysis has been performed and completed, appropriate conclusions and actions have to be taken on the outcomes of the results. For example, if analysis shows that about 90% population is not interested in adapting the new flavor of the product then its outcome shall be that the product’s launch shall be cancelled. These conclusions can only be made if the samples selected reflect the target market proportionately and if the research methodology was carried out accurately and honestly. Question 5: Describe the adoption and diffusion process for new product. Answer. Purchasing of an entirely new product and get used to the functions of it is not a very fast process. People consume time for changing their life styles according to the new innovations. As television which was invented about 50 years ago but still till 1980’s it was not popular among humans as their was a problem of adaption of the new machine, the financial resources were not sufficient or the perception of the product was also a major issue for its adaption by the general public (Czerwonka, 2004). Each product adoption goes through the following processes:1. AwarenessAdvertisements are one of the main sources of giving awareness to the people about the product which is going to be launched in the market before hand. The people keep in view the invention and then make their minds. Awareness which is created after the launch of the product only creates destructions for the consumer adaption. 2. KnowledgeThe next step is of giving the knowledge about the product. As the consumer has the product but is unaware of its functions then the product is useless for him therefore, a code of instruction is given for directing the consumers. Mobile phones are a good example of knowledge as it carries a complete booklet of instructions.3. EvaluationThe consumer before forming their decision about purchasing the product evaluates it. the areas are of its uses, the knowledge given, past purchases, perception manner and the word-of-mouth counts a lot in the evaluation and thus it is very important to gain customers. 4. TrialThe evaluation period finishes in the practical trial phase and then the actual usage of the product comes into the eyes of the consumer and he then realizes the value of the product and gives his opinion about it.5. AdoptionIf the adoption is favorable and the customer is ready to adapt the product then the product will under go several measures.6. After Purchase EvaluationThe consumer opinion is not always the same throughout its usage. During the start maybe the customer finds it attractive and it is easy for adjusting but as soon as the product is continuously used the customer finds the product very fragile and cheap and then a narrow opinion about the product can be formed. Diffusion is the name given to the process where innovative products and changes to existing products are being dealt with. Cell phones which are nowadays the talk of day – every new cell phone is accompanied with mass marketing and advertising campaigns. Diffusion is the level of acceptance that a product achieves into the consumers buying basket. The major elements concerned with diffusion are:1. Innovation2. Communication3. Time4. Social System (Association, 1996)The margin in-between adoption and diffusion is very thin (Ryuji Furukawa, August 2001). Adoption and diffusion can both be for new and innovative products and they can be considered as two hands of a body which is known as marketing success. The categories of the target market that adopt a product can be divided into: Innovators: This is smallest section of target marketing but is fully aware section. The consumers in this segment are constantly on the lookout for new and innovative products and are all amongst the first to line up outside a shop as soon as a product arrives in the market. Early Adopters: These are larger than the innovators yet smaller than the early majority, this segment of the market is composed of people who were not amongst the very early buyers’ list. Even though among their circle of people they were the first to adapt the product. Early Majority: The biggest section of the market that adopts the product when a small segment of the market has tested it. They rely on reviews and the peer discussions greatly to decide on their purchase decisions regarding the product. Late Majority: Described often by marketers as the sleeping segment of the population, they buy a product when it has crossed its entrance and operational marketing programs. For example, I am aware of some people who even today are purchasing the PlayStation 2 for the first time in their lives! Bibliography Association, A. M. (1996). Marketing Wars. Crains Detroit Business , 1-8. Czerwonka, M. A. (Summer 2008). Good Marketing Requires Planning. (AN 32186742). Marketing Health Services , 38.Buerstatte, G. E. (2004). The E in marketing: Ethics in the age of misbehavior. Journal of Healthcare Management , 11-21.Czerwonka, M. A. (Summer 2008). Good Marketing Requires Planning. (AN 32186742). Marketing Health Services , 38.Donaldson, C. (July 2008). Marketing health, influencing behaviour (PMID: 18678105). Journal of the Royal Society of Health , 152-3. Definition of marketing: Polaris. (n.d.). Retrieved May 17, 2009, from Polaris Marketing Research: http://www.polarismr.com/edctr_step6_reporting. htmlEtzel, M. J., Walker, B. J., Walker, S., ; Stanton, W. J. (2000). Marketing. New York: McGrawHill Education.Ryuji Furukawa, H. K. (August 2001). A Conceptual Model for Adoption and Diffusion Process of A New Product. REVIEW OF MARKETING SCIENCE , 1-12. The Marketing Process. (n.d.). Retrieved May 18, 2009, from NetMBA: http://www.netmba.com/marketing/process/